Pufferfish
Tetraodontidae
Pufferfish are poor swimmers, but can quickly ingest huge amounts of
water to turn themselves into a virtually inedible ball several times
their normal size.
Biologists think pufferfish, also known as blowfish, developed
their famous “inflatability” because their slow, somewhat clumsy
swimming style makes them vulnerable to predators. In lieu of escape,
pufferfish use their highly elastic stomachs and the ability to quickly
ingest huge amounts of water (and even air when necessary) to turn
themselves into a virtually inedible ball several times their normal
size. Some species also have spines on their skin to make them even less
palatable.
A predator that manages to snag a puffer before it
inflates won’t feel lucky for long. Almost all pufferfish contain
tetrodotoxin, a substance that makes them foul tasting and often lethal
to fish. To humans, tetrodotoxin is deadly, up to 1,200 times more
poisonous than cyanide. There is enough toxin in one pufferfish to kill
30 adult humans, and there is no known antidote.
Amazingly, the meat of some pufferfish is considered a delicacy. Called fugu
in Japan, it is extremely expensive and only prepared by trained,
licensed chefs who know that one bad cut means almost certain death for a
customer. In fact, many such deaths occur annually.
There are
more than 120 species of pufferfish worldwide. Most are found in
tropical and subtropical ocean waters, but some species live in brackish
and even fresh water. They have long, tapered bodies with bulbous
heads. Some wear wild markings and colors to advertise their toxicity,
while others have more muted or cryptic coloring to blend in with their
environment.
They range in size from the 1-inch-long
(2.5-centimeter-long) dwarf or pygmy puffer to the freshwater giant
puffer, which can grow to more than 2 feet (61 centimeters) in length.
They are scaleless fish and usually have rough to spiky skin. All have
four teeth that are fused together into a beak-like form.
The diet
of the pufferfish includes mostly invertebrates and algae. Large
specimens will even crack open and eat clams, mussels, and shellfish
with their hard beaks. Poisonous puffers are believed to synthesize
their deadly toxin from the bacteria in the animals they eat.
Some
species of pufferfish are considered vulnerable due to pollution,
habitat loss, and overfishing, but most populations are considered
stable.
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